Regular tank-cleaning programs will decrease the amount of oil sediment and mud in the bottom of tanks. It has been known to form as much as 5 cm of extra weight around the hull. Regular drydocking of the ship will decrease the animal and vegetable growth on the shell plating. At the time of capsize it was shown that the lightweight had increased by 270 t, compared to when the ship was newly built.
PLUMB BOB DIAGRAM FREE
One example of increase in lightweight over a period of years is the Herald of Free Enterprise, which capsized in 1987. Major ship surgery such as an addition to ship’s section at amidships.Įach item in the above list will change the weight of an empty ship. Ĭhanging a bulbous bow to a soft-nosed bow.
Īdditional engineers’ spares and electricians’ spares.īarnacle attachment or animal growth on the shell plating.Retrofits on accommodation fittings and in navigational aids Over the years in service, there will be increases in the lightweight due to: The temperature load is obtained by eliminating the initial temperature from the temperature field obtained in the inverse analysis of temperature, where the initial temperature is the joint closure temperature of the dam. The load case consists of the following loads: gravity of dam, hydrostatic pressure on dam surface and reservoir basin, and temperature. By comparing the whole process of dam displacements between the numerical results and monitoring data, a unique set with the smallest displacement errors is confirmed as the actual material parameters.
PLUMB BOB DIAGRAM SERIAL
2.Ī serial analysis in the operation period is performed separately for each set of material parameters. Several sets of parameters are selected in this step. The elastic modulus is adjusted and it is ensured that the calculation is approximate to the measured value.
The relative displacement of two typical moments in the operation period is selected as the criterion. The elastic moduli are adjusted to minimize the error between the numerical displacements obtained by FE analysis and the actual displacements measured by the plumb lines. The dam displacement data measured by the plumb lines are used for comparison in this analysis. Inverse analysis is performed only for the elastic moduli of the dam and foundation rock.
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